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Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical of Africa. Its subclade L2a is a somewhat frequent and widespread mtDNA cluster in Africa, as well as in the African diaspora Americans (19%).(Salas 2002) et al.
==Origin==
L2 is a common African lineage. It is believed to have evolved between 87,000 to 107,000 years ago〔Tishkoff et al., Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages, ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'', vol. 24, no. 3 (2007), pp.757-68.〕 or approx. 90,000 YBP.〔 Its age and widespread distribution and diversity across the continent makes its exact origin point within Africa difficult to trace with any confidence.〔 Several L2 haplotypes observed in Guineans and other West Africa populations shared genetic matches with East Africa and North Africa. An origin for L2b, L2c, L2d and L2e in West or Central Africa seems likely.〔 The early diversity of L2 can be observed all over the African Continent, but as we can see in Subclades section below, the highest diversity is found in West Africa. Most of subclades are largely confined to West and western-Central Africa.〔(Atlas of the Human Journey: Haplogroup L2 ) The Genographic Project, National Geographic.〕
According to a 2015 study, "results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: one migration at 70–50 ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, postglacial movements 15–10 ka into Eastern Africa; and the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5 ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations".〔
http://www.nature.com/srep/2015/150727/srep12526/full/srep12526.html〕
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